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Nara is a historic city located in the Kansai region of Japan, known for its rich cultural heritage, ancient temples, and friendly deer. Nara was Japan’s first permanent capital, established in the year 710 AD, preceding Kyoto and Tokyo. During the Nara period (710-794), the city flourished as the center of Japanese politics, culture, and religion. Nara is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including: Todai-ji Temple: A historic Buddhist temple famous for its Great Buddha Hall (Daibutsuden), which houses one of the largest bronze Buddha statues in Japan. Kasuga Taisha Shrine: A Shinto shrine known for its thousands of stone lanterns and vermilion torii gates, surrounded by a beautiful forest. Kofuku-ji Temple: A Buddhist temple with a pagoda and other historic buildings, offering insights into Japan’s ancient architecture and religious practices. Nara Park: Nara Park is a spacious public park located in the city center, famous for its friendly deer that roam freely throughout the area. Visitors can interact with the deer, feed them special crackers (shika senbei), and take photos with these beloved animals.  Nara features well-preserved historic districts with traditional architecture, narrow streets, and charming shops. Places like Naramachi and Yoshiki-en offer glimpses into Nara’s past and provide opportunities for sightseeing, shopping, and dining. Nara National Museum: The Nara National Museum showcases a vast collection of Buddhist art, sculptures, and artifacts from Nara’s rich cultural heritage. The museum’s exhibits offer insights into the history, religion, and artistry of ancient Japan. Mount Wakakusa: Mount Wakakusa, also known as Mount Mikasa, is a scenic hill located near Nara Park. Visitors can hike to the summit for panoramic views of Nara city, Todai-ji Temple, and surrounding landscapes. Nara Machi: Nara Machi is a charming area lined with traditional machiya (townhouses) and historic buildings. It offers a glimpse into Nara’s Edo period (1603-1868) past and features museums, galleries, cafes, and boutique shops.  Nara hosts various seasonal events and festivals throughout the year, including the Omizutori Festival (Water-Drawing Festival) at Todai-ji Temple in March and the Shikinen Sengu Ceremony at Kasuga Taisha Shrine every 20 years. Nara is a fascinating destination for history enthusiasts, nature lovers, and cultural travelers, offering a blend of ancient heritage, natural beauty, and warm hospitality that captivates visitors from around the world. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbz3E1INyVw https://youtu.be/7-eVFSns8VMhttps://youtu.be/ATMtNNIqBYwhttps://youtu.be/4hNL3agPSvchttps://youtu.be/ZZRFmt_n5Kchttps://youtu.be/Kbz3E1INyVwhttps://youtu.be/4hNL3agPSvc To travel from Osaka to Nara, you have several transportation options. The train is the most popular and efficient mode of transportation for traveling from Osaka to Nara, offering frequent departures and easy access to Nara’s attractions. However, depending on your preferences and schedule, other transportation options may also be suitable for your journey. Train: The most convenient way to reach Nara from Osaka is by train. You can take either the JR Yamatoji Line or the private Kintetsu Line. (1) JR Yamatoji Line: From Osaka Station or Tennoji Station, take the JR Yamatoji Line bound for Nara Station. The journey takes approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the train type. Nara Station is centrally located, making it easy to access Nara’s main attractions. (2) Kintetsu Line: Alternatively, you can take the Kintetsu Nara Line from Osaka-Namba Station or Osaka-Uehommachi Station to Kintetsu Nara Station. This route also takes around 45 minutes to 1 hour. Kintetsu Nara Station is located slightly further from Nara’s city center compared to JR Nara Station, but it’s still within walking distance of major sights.  (3) Bus: There are direct buses operated by Nara Kotsu and other companies that run between Osaka (Umeda or Namba) and Nara. The bus journey typically takes around 1.5 to 2 hours, depending on traffic conditions. Buses depart regularly throughout the day, offering a convenient option for travelers who prefer a direct route. (4) Car: If you’re traveling by car, you can drive from Osaka to Nara via the Hanshin Expressway or the Meihan Expressway. The journey takes approximately 1 to 1.5 hours, depending on traffic. Keep in mind that parking in Nara’s city center can be limited and expensive, so it’s advisable to use public transportation once you arrive. (5) Taxi or Ride-Sharing: Taxis and ride-sharing services are available in Osaka and can provide a convenient but more expensive option for traveling to Nara. Taxis can drop you off directly at your desired location in Nara, offering flexibility and comfort for travelers with luggage or those traveling in groups. TODAi-ji temple Todai-ji Temple, located in Nara, Japan, is one of the country’s most famous and historically significant Buddhist temples. Todai-ji Temple was founded in the year 738 by Emperor Shomu during the Nara period (710-794), making it one of Japan’s oldest and most venerable temples. Emperor Shōmu, September 22, 701 – June 4, 756) was the 45th emperor of Japan,] according to the traditional order of succession. Shōmu’s reign spanned the years 724 through 749, during the Nara period. The temple was originally established as the headquarters of the Kegon sect of Buddhism and served as a center of Buddhist learning and worship.  https://youtu.be/Cc3HaSpdonYhttps://youtu.be/jjnQVJyaMlIhttps://youtu.be/j_Ro1uDXC30https://youtu.be/l4cGAfZNcyIhttps://youtu.be/4JhT6-3ogskhttps://youtu.be/j_Ro1uDXC30 The name “Todai-ji” (東大寺) can be broken down into three parts: Todai (東大): This translates to “Eastern Great.” “Todai” is a combination of the characters “tō” (東), meaning “east,” and “dai” (大), meaning “great” or “large.” Ji (寺): This translates to “temple.” “Ji” is a common suffix used in Japanese to denote a Buddhist temple. Therefore, “Todai-ji” can be understood as the “Eastern Great Temple.” Great Buddha Hall (Daibutsuden): The main attraction of Todai-ji Temple is its Great Buddha Hall, known as Daibutsuden in Japanese. This massive wooden structure is one of the largest wooden buildings in the world and houses a colossal bronze statue of Buddha known as the Daibutsu (Great Buddha). The Daibutsu measures approximately 15 meters in height and is one of Japan’s most iconic and revered cultural treasures. The Great Buddha statue inside Daibutsuden is an awe-inspiring masterpiece of Buddhist artistry. Cast in bronze, the statue depicts Buddha Vairocana and is seated in the lotus position with its right hand raised in a gesture of fearlessness (abhaya mudra). The Great Buddha is a symbol of enlightenment, compassion, and the eternal truth of Buddhism.  Todai-ji Temple is located within Nara Park, a vast public

Osaka, Japan’s third-largest city, is home to various other notable attractions. Osaka Castle: One of Japan’s most famous landmarks, Osaka Castle is a historic fortress surrounded by beautiful gardens, moats, and stone walls. It played a significant role in the unification of Japan during the 16th century. Dotonbori: A bustling entertainment district known for its vibrant nightlife, colorful neon lights, and delicious street food. Visitors can explore the lively streets, dine at local restaurants, and take a boat tour along the Dotonbori Canal. Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan: One of the largest aquariums in the world, Kaiyukan showcases a diverse range of marine life from the Pacific Rim. Highlights include the enormous central tank housing whale sharks and other ocean creatures. Universal Studios Japan: A popular theme park featuring attractions based on blockbuster movies, TV shows, and characters from Universal Studios. It offers thrilling rides, live shows, and immersive experiences for visitors of all ages. Shitennoji Temple: One of Japan’s oldest Buddhist temples, Shitennoji Temple dates back to the 6th century and is a designated national treasure. It features beautiful architecture, serene gardens, and religious artifacts. Osaka Castle Park: Surrounding Osaka Castle, this expansive park offers walking paths, cherry blossoms in spring, and scenic views of the castle and its surroundings. It’s a popular spot for picnics, jogging, and enjoying nature in the heart of the city. Osaka Museum of History: Located near Osaka Castle, this museum provides insights into Osaka’s rich history and cultural heritage through interactive exhibits, artifacts, and multimedia displays. Shinsekai: A retro neighborhood known for its nostalgic atmosphere, Shinsekai features old-fashioned restaurants, shops, and a towering observation tower called Tsutenkaku. It’s a great place to experience Osaka’s local cuisine and traditional entertainment. Kuromon Ichiba Market: Also known as “Osaka’s Kitchen,” Kuromon Ichiba Market is a bustling food market offering a wide variety of fresh seafood, fruits, vegetables, and street food stalls. Visitors can sample local delicacies and experience the lively atmosphere of the market. These are just a few highlights of what Osaka has to offer. The city is known for its vibrant culture, delicious food, and friendly locals, making it a fantastic destination for travelers exploring Japan.  When deciding where to stay in Osaka, it’s essential to consider your preferences, budget, and itinerary. Here are some popular areas to stay in Osaka, each offering its own unique attractions and atmosphere: Namba: Located in the heart of Osaka’s entertainment district, Namba is a bustling area known for its shopping, dining, and nightlife. It’s home to popular attractions such as Dotonbori, Shinsaibashi Shopping Arcade, and Namba Parks. Accommodation options range from budget hostels to luxury hotels, providing easy access to transportation and entertainment. Umeda: As Osaka’s main business and commercial district, Umeda offers excellent shopping, dining, and entertainment options. The area is home to major department stores like Hankyu and Hanshin, as well as landmarks such as Umeda Sky Building and Grand Front Osaka. Hotels in Umeda cater to various budgets and preferences, making it a convenient base for exploring the city. Osaka Castle Area: Situated around Osaka Castle and its surrounding park, this area offers a more tranquil atmosphere compared to the bustling city center. Visitors can enjoy scenic walks in the park, explore historical sites like Osaka Castle and Shitennoji Temple, and experience traditional Japanese culture. Accommodation options include hotels with views of the castle and ryokans (traditional Japanese inns). Tennoji: Tennoji is a vibrant neighborhood known for its shopping, dining, and cultural attractions. It’s home to attractions such as Tennoji Park, Osaka Zoo, and Shitennoji Temple. The area also offers convenient access to transportation hubs like Tennoji Station, making it a convenient base for exploring Osaka and nearby cities like Kyoto and Nara. Shin-Osaka: Located near Osaka’s major transportation hub, Shin-Osaka Station, this area is ideal for travelers who plan to take day trips to other cities in the Kansai region. It offers a range of accommodation options, including business hotels and budget-friendly guesthouses. Shin-Osaka Station provides easy access to Osaka’s city center and attractions. Whether you prefer the lively atmosphere of Namba, the convenience of Umeda, the tranquility of the Osaka Castle area, the cultural immersion of Tennoji, or the accessibility of Shin-Osaka, Osaka offers accommodation options to suit every traveler’s needs. Determining the top few hotels in Osaka can be subjective and may vary depending on factors such as location, amenities, price, and personal preferences. However, here is a list of highly-rated hotels in Osaka based on guest reviews and reputation: The Ritz-Carlton Osaka: A luxury hotel located in the prestigious Nishi-Umeda district, offering elegant rooms, exceptional service, and upscale amenities such as a spa, fitness center, and multiple dining options. InterContinental Osaka: Situated in the Umeda area, this five-star hotel features stylish rooms with panoramic views of the city skyline, as well as top-notch facilities including a rooftop bar, fine dining restaurants, and a spa. Hotel New Otani Osaka: Located in the Osaka Castle area, this upscale hotel offers spacious rooms, beautiful gardens, and a range of dining options, including Japanese, French, and Chinese cuisine. The St. Regis Osaka: A luxury hotel in the Midosuji area, known for its elegant accommodations, personalized service, and amenities such as a spa, fitness center, and gourmet dining options. Conrad Osaka: Situated in the Nakanoshima area, Conrad Osaka offers luxurious rooms with stunning views of the city and river, as well as upscale dining options, a spa, and a fitness center. Hotel Hankyu International: Located near Osaka Station, this luxury hotel offers spacious rooms, fine dining restaurants, and convenient access to shopping and transportation. Swissotel Nankai Osaka: A contemporary hotel in the Namba area, featuring modern rooms, a rooftop spa and pool, several dining options, and direct access to Nankai Namba Station. The Westin Osaka: Situated near Umeda Station, this upscale hotel offers comfortable rooms, multiple dining options, a fitness center, and a tranquil garden setting. Hotel Monterey Grasmere Osaka: Located near Namba Station, this European-style hotel offers cozy rooms, a variety of dining options, and easy access to shopping and entertainment. Osaka Marriott Miyako Hotel: Situated in the Abeno Harukas building, the tallest building in Japan, this hotel offers modern rooms

Japan, an island nation in East Asia, has a rich and diverse history spanning thousands of years. Japan’s history dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of human habitation dating back to the Paleolithic period (around 30,000 BC). The Jomon period (14,000–300 BC) saw the development of pottery and early agricultural practices. Yayoi Period: Following the Jomon period, Japan entered the Yayoi period (300 BC – 300 AD), characterized by the introduction of rice cultivation, metalworking, and the use of bronze and iron. Influence of China and Korea: From around the 3rd century AD, Japan began to have significant cultural and political interaction with China and Korea, leading to the adoption of Buddhism, Confucianism, and the Chinese writing system. The Heian Period (794–1185): This era is known for its flourishing arts and literature, including the world’s first novel, “The Tale of Genji” by Murasaki Shikibu. The Heian period also saw the establishment of the imperial capital in Kyoto. Feudal Period: Japan entered a long period of feudalism from the late 12th century, characterized by the rise of the samurai warrior class and the dominance of powerful feudal lords known as daimyo. Tokugawa Shogunate (1603–1868): Under the Tokugawa shoguns, Japan experienced a long period of relative stability and isolation from the outside world. The country was ruled by a military government based in Edo (modern-day Tokyo). Meiji Restoration (1868): The Meiji Restoration marked the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji. Japan underwent rapid modernization and industrialization, transforming into a modern nation-state. Imperial Expansion: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan pursued a policy of imperial expansion, annexing territories such as Taiwan and Korea and engaging in military conflicts with China and Russia. World War II: Japan’s involvement in World War II, particularly its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, led to its defeat by the Allied powers in 1945. The country experienced significant devastation, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Post-War Reconstruction: Following World War II, Japan underwent a period of reconstruction and rapid economic growth, becoming one of the world’s leading industrialized nations by the latter half of the 20th century. Contemporary Japan: Today, Japan is known for its highly developed economy, advanced technology, and rich cultural heritage. It remains a constitutional monarchy with Emperor Naruhito as the symbolic head of state and a parliamentary system of government. Cultural Contributions: Japan has made significant contributions to world culture, including its cuisine (such as sushi and ramen), traditional arts (like tea ceremony and ikebana), literature, cinema (with renowned directors like Akira Kurosawa), and popular culture (including anime, manga, and video games). Natural Beauty: Japan is renowned for its natural beauty, including cherry blossoms in spring, colorful autumn foliage, serene gardens, and picturesque landscapes featuring mountains, forests, and coastline. Japan is home to numerous important places, both culturally and historically. Here are some significant ones along with their locations within Japan’s administrative divisions: Tokyo: The capital city of Japan, located on the eastern coast of Honshu, the largest island in Japan. Tokyo is the political, economic, and cultural center of the country. It is divided into 23 special wards, along with cities, towns, and villages in the Tokyo Metropolis. Kyoto: A city located in the Kansai region of Honshu, known for its historical significance as the former imperial capital of Japan. Kyoto is famous for its numerous temples, shrines, and traditional Japanese architecture. Osaka: Another major city in the Kansai region, located on the southern coast of Honshu. Osaka is a bustling commercial and economic hub known for its vibrant nightlife, delicious street food, and historical landmarks. Hiroshima: Located on the western part of Honshu, Hiroshima is known worldwide for being the target of the atomic bombing during World War II. The city has since been rebuilt and is now a symbol of peace and reconciliation. Nara: A city in the Kansai region, Nara was the first permanent capital of Japan. It is known for its ancient temples, including Todai-ji with its giant Buddha statue, and tame deer that roam freely in Nara Park. Yokohama: Situated south of Tokyo in Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama is Japan’s second-largest city and a major port. It is known for its cosmopolitan atmosphere, waterfront attractions, and the iconic Yokohama Landmark Tower. Sapporo: The largest city on the northern island of Hokkaido, Sapporo is famous for its annual Snow Festival and its beer, which shares the city’s name. It is a popular destination for skiing and snowboarding in the winter. Administrative Divisions: Japan is divided into several administrative divisions, including: Prefectures: Japan is divided into 47 prefectures, each governed by a governor and assembly. These include Tokyo Metropolis, which is a special prefecture with a unique administrative status. Regions: Japan is traditionally divided into eight regions: Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku, Shikoku, and Kyushu. These regions consist of multiple prefectures and serve as cultural and geographic divisions within the country. The important places mentioned above are located within various prefectures and regions across Japan, contributing to the country’s cultural, historical, and economic significance. https://youtu.be/00ZXaXIABMYhttps://youtu.be/Lb9Y6AO1Q0Qhttps://youtu.be/xyJYmZauE68https://youtu.be/w-V30d1tTtE?list=PLSjGi2WOifwN6gp2D28R5zRsJYNZNzahihttps://youtu.be/MQ221rS2HiMhttps://youtu.be/lKuyQXrAxNMhttps://youtu.be/2fhdT0Ubxmohttps://youtu.be/xVW7UYirAechttps://youtu.be/S5vZXFcMOFM All eight regions of Japan offer unique and significant tourist attractions, each showcasing the country’s diverse culture, history, and natural beauty. However, some regions are particularly well-known for their tourist destinations. Here’s a brief overview of each region and some of its important tourist attractions:  Hokkaido: Known for its stunning landscapes, outdoor activities, and delicious seafood. Tourist attractions include Sapporo (its capital city), the ski resorts of Niseko and Furano, the beautiful Shikotsu-Toya National Park, and the Shiretoko Peninsula, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  Tohoku: Famous for its traditional culture, hot springs, and scenic beauty. Tourist attractions include Matsushima Bay with its picturesque islands, the historic city of Sendai, the Aomori Nebuta Festival, the scenic Oirase Gorge, and the Towada-Hachimantai National Park.  Kanto: Home to Tokyo, Japan’s bustling capital city, and various other tourist destinations. Attractions include Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, the historic temples of Nikko, the hot springs of Hakone, the bustling city of Yokohama, and the sacred Mount Fuji.  Chubu: Known for its mountainous landscapes, historic sites, and outdoor

Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber introduced the concept of “wicked problems” in their 1973 paper titled “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning.” and the book (“Thinking Design”) published in 2013.  Wicked problems are complex, ill-defined issues that involve multiple stakeholders with conflicting values and incomplete information. In the context of the general theory of planning, Rittel and Webber highlighted several dilemmas (described as following properties as contrasting differences between wicked and non-wicked or tamed problems): 1: No Definitive Formulation of a Wicked Problem: Wicked problems lack a definitive and objective formulation. Unlike well-defined problems, where solutions can be objectively evaluated based on predefined criteria, wicked problems don’t have a clear and ultimate test for determining the success of a solution. Wicked problems, unlike tame problems, cannot be exhaustively formulated in advance. In the case of wicked problems, as exemplified by the need for a management information system or a new product in a company, each step of the solution generates unique and unforeseen questions. The information required to address these questions cannot be fully anticipated beforehand, making it challenging to provide exhaustive information at the problem’s formulation stage. Wicked problems lack a definitive formulation, challenging traditional systems approaches that prioritize understanding the problem before solving it.  2: No Objective End Criteria (No Stopping Rule, No Clear End to the Problem-Solving Process): There is no agreed-upon set of criteria to evaluate solutions for wicked problems. Different stakeholders may have different values, priorities, and perspectives, leading to subjective judgments about the effectiveness of potential solutions. This property of wicked problems is the absence of a “stopping rule.” Unlike well-defined problems such as chess puzzles or mathematical equations, where a clear solution marks the end, wicked problems lack a definitive endpoint. In chess, solving a combination of moves or finding the value of x in an equation signals problem resolution. However, with wicked problems, there is always room for improvement, and the nature of the problem itself does not provide a conclusive stopping point. While practical constraints like time, money, or patience may halt planning efforts, the inherent logic of wicked problems allows for continual attempts at improvement, making them distinct from problems with clear-cut solutions. 3: Solutions Are Not True or False (But Good or Bad): In the context of wicked problems, solutions cannot be objectively categorized as true or false. Instead, they are better or worse, more or less appropriate, depending on the values and perspectives of the stakeholders involved. This property of wicked problems is that, unlike tame problems where solutions can be deemed “correct” or “wrong” based on objective criteria, wicked problems defy such categorization. Instead of being labeled as right or wrong, solutions to wicked problems are evaluated as “good” or “bad,” subject to varying perspectives and preferences. What is considered good for one person may not be so for another. Unlike tame problems, there is no universal set of criteria or rules to determine the correctness of solutions to wicked problems. The notions of true or false do not apply in the context of wicked problems, emphasizing their inherently subjective and context-dependent nature. 4: No Immediate, Next or Ultimate Test of Solution: Wicked problems often involve ethical considerations and value judgments. Different stakeholders may have conflicting ethical principles, making it challenging to find universally acceptable solutions. This property highlights that, unlike solving a chess problem where results can be immediately and definitively checked, wicked problems lack both immediate and final review opportunities. The consequences of actions taken to address wicked problems unfold over time, and there is no set time limit for their potential impact. The absence of a final review is due to the ongoing and unpredictable nature of consequences, which may extend into the future. This characteristic emphasizes the continuous and dynamic nature of wicked problems, where further consequences, some potentially catastrophic, can emerge, making a final evaluation challenging. 5: Every Solution Is a “One-Shot Operation” (No Opportunity to Learn By Trial and Error): Implementing solutions to wicked problems is often a one-time, irreversible process. Given the complex and interconnected nature of these problems, it is challenging to predict the full consequences of a solution in advance. This property emphasizes the distinction between wicked problems and tame problems. While chess problems or equations can be repeatedly played or solved, wicked problems do not offer the luxury of repeated solutions. Solving a wicked problem is a “one-shot operation,” and once an attempt is made, it cannot be undone. Unlike the iterative and prototypical solutions found in tame problems, wicked problems don’t allow for trial and error or experimentation. Each attempt to address a wicked problem is significant, and there is no opportunity to build, observe, dismantle, and rebuild, as seen in traditional problem-solving approaches. 6: Non-Enumerable Permissible Set of Operations or Decision Choices : This property distinguishes wicked problems from tame problems by highlighting the nature of allowed operations. Tame problems, such as chess puzzles or chemical analyses, have well-defined and exhaustive lists of permitted operations. In chess, for instance, players have a limited set of moves to choose from. Similarly, in chemical analysis, specific procedures and tools are predefined. In contrast, wicked problems lack a comprehensive and enumerable list of allowed operations. There are no strict limitations on the actions or interventions one can take. Solutions to wicked problems can involve a wide range of possibilities, driven by principles and creative imagination. The open-ended nature of wicked problems contrasts with the more structured and constrained operations permitted in tame problems. 7: Every Problem is Essentially Unique (Problem Original Enough To Span a New Type or Class of Problems): This property underscores that every wicked problem is fundamentally unique (not similar to the existing or known earlier), presenting a challenge as one cannot rely on past experiences to learn for future instances. Transferring successful strategies from the past is not straightforward, as seemingly similar problems may have distinguishing characteristics that render old solutions ineffective. Hastily deciding on the type of solution and assuming the reuse of old solutions in new contexts is not advisable when dealing

India is undergoing transformative changes with the adoption of radical innovations that replace traditional processes with digital solutions. Aadhaar for identity verification, UPI for mobile payments, FASTag for toll payments, and DigiLocker for digital documentation storage are key components of India’s unique and extensive digital infrastructure ecosystem, unparalleled by any other country.  Next, in continuation of this series of Digital India initiatives, is Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) which was established on December 30, 2021. It is set to drive significant transformations in the realm of digital commerce. Within a span of 18 months, ONDC has successfully established itself in significant sectors including grocery, online food delivery, home décor, and mobility. It has conducted pilot projects in major cities such as Delhi, Bengaluru, Meerut, Bhopal, and Coimbatore. In short, it has the potential to revolutionize the digital marketplace and create an inclusive environment. Let us explore the underlying technical framework of ONDC and its benefits.  ONDC aims to establish a network and data policy framework in collaboration with the network participants to formulate the rules and a code of conduct covering various digital commerce related activities. These two policies would be regularly updated to align with the evolving network and made machine-readable and enforceable, thus enhancing automation, compliance, and transparency. It will address key areas such as implementation, registration, subscription, transaction, payment, data transmission, and communication.  The data policy of ONDC will adhere to the Information Technology Act 2000 and make efforts to comply with the forthcoming Personal Data Protection Bill. For instance, both users’ Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and important trade data of sellers will be safeguarded from unauthorized access, ensuring privacy and security. ONDC will safeguard the integrity and trust of data at every transaction. Its commitment to data security and credibility will be the cornerstone of digital commerce’s flourishing journey. Initially, ONDC would not be charging a network fee but may implement a tiered transaction processing fee of up to 3% in the future. Network participants should carefully assess their options when entering this space and focus on short-term use cases to participate and consider a long-term transformation agenda to drive innovation and achieve strategic goals. The technology components of ONDC encompass various network elements like registry, gateway, buyer, and seller applications, as well as adapter interfaces. These building blocks form the foundation for creating a robust and interconnected network infrastructure. Adaptor Interfaces: Central to ONDC’s technical framework are the Adaptor Interfaces. These open APIs, developed based on the Beckn protocol, facilitate seamless information exchange for executing transactions. Beckn APIs, a set of open network protocols developed by Beckon Foundation. These protocols facilitate communication over HTTP and support various transactions or use cases within ONDC, including search, payment selection, returns, refunds, and ratings. Beckon Foundation is actively creating an interoperable open protocol specification that can be freely used by all. With standardized and interoperable interfaces, ONDC enables smooth interaction and integration among diverse network participants.  Gateway: The Gateway application plays a pivotal role in the ONDC ecosystem. Its primary purpose is to enhance the discoverability of sellers by efficiently broadcasting buyer search requests to all seller applications. By considering location, availability, and customer preferences, the Gateway delivers personalized search results, optimizing the buyer’s experience. Gateway must ensure that all the sellers within the network are easily discoverable by broadcasting search requests from buyers to all sellers. ONDC will initially provide such a Gateway through its technology partners to initiate operations, but it is expected that multiple gateway providers will emerge, offering independent services as the network grows. Open Registries: ONDC would maintain Open Registries as dedicated applications for maintaining participant lists and network policies. Open registries ensure effective governance and maintenance of the network. Open Registries serve as trustworthy references, boosting the credibility of the ONDC ecosystem. Buyer and Seller Side Applications: The buyer-side application can be your normal phone app as well as voice assistants, chat-bots, etc., whereas the seller-side application can be any application that receives buyer’s requests and, in response, publishes the seller’s catalogue of goods and services and fulfils the buyer’s orders. Initially, to facilitate seamless transactions, ONDC would provide these dedicated Buyer and Seller Side Applications to interface with each other, allowing buyers to explore the products or services, smooth and enriched customer, or digital experience. Benefits of the ONDC Technical Framework: The technical framework of ONDC brings numerous benefits to the digital commerce landscape: Interoperability and Scale: ONDC promotes seamless integration among the network participants i.e., applications and platforms, eliminating barriers and fostering interoperability, by adopting standardized interfaces and open APIs. Network participants in this open network collaborate independent of a specific platform, allowing users to access the network through various buyer or seller applications for digital commerce. It could serve as a network of networks, unleashing countless possibilities and driving exponential growth in digital commerce. It has the potential to become a highly inclusive network, connecting millions of self-employed workers and significantly increasing the presence of MSMEs.  Enhanced Discoverability: ONDC simplifies complex systems by breaking them down into granular activities or microservices. For instance, different entities can handle seller-side, logistics, payments, and buyer-side activities in an e-commerce transaction. The Gateway application optimizes the discoverability of sellers, presenting buyers with a wide range of options and personalized search results.  Data, Transparency and Trust: ONDC would ensure a trust-based environment and seamless experience across the customer journey, including search and discovery, order placement and fulfilment, payments, and reconciliation, and returns and customer grievances. Open Registries and adherence to network policies would promote transparency, trust, and integrity within the ONDC digital commerce ecosystem. Both the buyers and sellers involved in a transaction would have access to and control over the data involved, always ensuring transparency and accountability at both the ends of the process. Once the supply chain goes digital, there would be increased transparency in pricing for all stakeholders, including shippers, fleet owners, and operators in both rural and urban areas of India.  While ONDC can improve price transparency, buyers

The EU’s Single Digital Market initiative aims to create a seamless digital marketplace across member states. It focuses on removing barriers to cross-border e-commerce, harmonizing regulations, and facilitating a level playing field for businesses. China has implemented a national e-commerce platform that provides access to various e-commerce services and infrastructure for businesses and consumers. It aims to streamline operations, enhance transparency, and promote growth in the e-commerce sector. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), under the Government of India, has established the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), a non-profit private entity as a Section 8 company, with a similar aim to foster a transparent and inclusive e-commerce ecosystem in India. The ONDC aims to establish an open and interoperable framework for digital commerce in India. It envisions providing equal opportunities to all stakeholders, including small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), startups, and local vendors, to compete with larger e-commerce platforms. This initiative holds great potential to transform the e-commerce business landscape not only in India but also serves as an inspiration for similar initiatives in other countries. Let us explore the significance of ONDC and its impact on the digital economy. India has achieved the status of being the most rapidly expanding economy globally. According to the ‘India e-Conomy Report,’ digital services have become indispensable for more than 700 million internet users in India, with 350 million utilizing digital payments and 220 million participating in online shopping. B2C and B2B e-commerce transactions have thrived, with B2C GMV projected to reach $380 billion and eB2B GMV to reach $120 billion by 2030. Around 120 million Kiranas (hyperlocal neighborhood provision stores), which comprise 80% of India’s retail sector, are digitally excluded. India has an estimated 42.5 million MSMEs lagging in adoption of digital strategies. The open network concept extends beyond retail and can revolutionize B2C and B2B transactions in domains like wholesale, mobility, food delivery, logistics, travel, and urban services, transforming the exchange of goods and services. ONDC establishes a robust governance framework to monitor and regulate digital commerce activities. This framework ensures compliance with legal and ethical standards, protects consumer interests, and fosters trust in the digital commerce ecosystem. The Open Network transcends the existing platform-centric model, which requires both the buyer and seller to be part of the same platform/application for transactions. This concept of “store of value” to implement isolated platform driven e-commerce ecosystem, is now going to be parallelly influenced by the unrestricted and extremely scalable “flow of value” concept. It would efficiently grow the market by promoting open and seamless integration standards or set of specifications among various e-commerce stakeholders (i.e., buyers and sellers). ONDC will bring together fragmented platforms (network participants) and promote wider participation, particularly among small and medium enterprises, including hyperlocal merchants (Kiranas), from various regions across the country. ONDC is not a super aggregator or a hosting platform. It serves as a network that connects location-aware, local digital commerce stores across industries through network-enabled apps. Within ONDC, a network participant has the flexibility to assume the roles of both a buyer and a seller, providing increased choices for buyers, sellers, and other participants. For instance, a marketplace that includes retailers can act as a seller in the retail domain and as a buyer in the logistics domain for digital retail transactions. Existing digital commerce platforms can choose to join ONDC voluntarily, while the onboarding of sellers and buyers and order management remains the responsibility of network-enabled apps.  ONDC would ensure that the data generated or exchanged during digital transactions is securely accessible to all the stakeholders. By allowing access to anonymized transaction data, the initiative enables better insights, market analysis, and strategic decision-making for businesses and policymakers. ONDC will implement a transparent and inclusive policy framework to promote sustainable practices on the network. It will collaborate with network participants to develop rules and codes of conduct for activities performed within the network. These policies will cover various areas such as implementation, registration, transactions, payments, and data transmission. It aims to make these policies machine-readable and enforceable for improved compliance and transparency. Additionally, it will act as a facilitator for dispute resolution, following fair and transparent practices based on guidelines from NITI Aayog and RBI for the financial sector. The technology components of ONDC encompass various network elements like registry, gateway, buyer, and seller applications, as well as adapter interfaces. Adaptor interfaces are open APIs based on the Beckn protocol, enabling information exchange for transactions using standardized ONDC certified interfaces. The gateway ensures the discoverability of sellers based on location, availability, and customer preferences. Open registries maintain participant lists and network policies. Buyer and seller side applications facilitate end-users and service providers to transact on the ONDC network. Detailed documentation on these components is available at www.ondc.org. The success of ONDC, being a decentralized network, relies on the active participation and adoption of various network participants, including merchants and buyers, on both sides of the network. It must invest in expanding this adoption of ecosystem through market-led initiatives i.e., onboarding both large and small marketplaces and technology service providers. It will also need to conduct a robust Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaign to encourage businesses across value chains to join ONDC. Conclusion: The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is a game-changer in the Indian e-commerce landscape, promoting fair competition, transparency, and innovation. It serves as a shining example of how a government can drive positive changes in the digital commerce ecosystem. As these national level initiatives evolve and become collaborative with each other, they would expand into borderless global digital commerce ecosystem and ultimately empower businesses and consumers worldwide.

Digital India (DI) is a government initiative in India that aims to improve online infrastructure and internet connectivity to empower digital citizens with government services. It focuses on advancing technology, connecting rural areas with high-speed internet, and promoting digital literacy. Digital India is intricately connected to key government initiatives like BharatNet, Make in India, Startup India, and Standup India. There are many    facets of Digital India and the impact it has had on the nation is already substantial. Key Facets of Digital India The development of robust digital infrastructure is crucial for the success of Digital India. The initiative emphasizes the expansion of mobile networks, high-speed internet connectivity, and data centers. This infrastructure development has not only facilitated digital services but has also attracted investments from global technology companies, contributing to the growth of the digital economy.  The government aims to provide broadband connectivity in rural and remote areas to ascertain access to the internet infrastructure. Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL), an entity under the Government of India, is responsible for implementing the BharatNet project, which also serves as the guardian of the Digital India initiative.  Digital connectivity is the backbone of an economy to spur growth of internet led businesses. With a population of 1.3 billion, India has witnessed extensive utilization of Aadhaar digital biometric identity cards and smartphones, resulting in substantial growth and monetization of digital connectivity through B2B and B2C e-commerce transactions. Mainly fueled by higher adoption in smaller urban areas, the Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) of B2C e-commerce currently stands at $65 billion, and it is projected to grow sixfold to reach $380 billion by 2030. India’s eB2B market is poised to summit to a remarkable GMV of $90-120 billion by 2030 and establish itself as a definitive      pathway for brand marketing and advertising expenditure investment and become a treasure trove of valuable retailer insights and data intelligence. The ‘India e-Conomy Report’ reveals that digital services have become essential for over 700 million internet users in India. This includes 350 million using digital payments and 220 million engaging in online shopping. This demographic advantage is expected to fuel the expansion of digital services and online consumption.  The expansion of digital services, such as booking travel online, ordering food through digital platforms, consuming digital media, and engaging in online advertising, is anticipated to drive the overall growth of India’s internet economy. India’s internet economy is projected to grow to $1 trillion by 2030 from $175 billion in 2022.  It is expected to contribute 62% to the technology sector by 2030, up from 48% in 2022 and is projected to account for 12-13% of the country’s GDP, compared to 4-5% in 2022. This growth is attributed to increased digital demand in tier 2+ cities, digitization of traditional businesses, and the success of India Stack. Transforming Citizen Experience Digital India transforms various interactions with the citizens, making government services more accessible, efficient, and citizen centric. E-governance initiatives or Indian Stack of digital public services such as the Digital Locker, e-Procurement, and the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) streamline administrative processes, reduce paperwork, and enhance transparency and significantly contribute to the growth of India’s internet economy. Additionally, the emergence of open networks like ONDC, OCEN, and UHI would create new opportunities for various sectors. UPI has transformed digital payments in India, facilitating seamless and instant transactions between bank accounts. UPI’s widespread adoption has driven the shift from cash to digital payments, driving a digital economy and empowering individuals with greater financial inclusion. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) was officially launched in India on April 11, 2016. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) introduced UPI to facilitate seamless and instant fund transfers between banks through mobile devices. Since its launch, UPI has gained widespread adoption and has become a key component of the digital payment ecosystem in India. In September 2021, UPI recorded over 2 billion transactions. With 157 banks and 30+ app providers integrating UPI, reflects its diverse applications, including P2P transfers, bill payments, and e-commerce transactions.  Government initiatives like Make in India, and GST have propelled B2B e-commerce in India by enhancing business operations, promoting digital transactions, and fostering a conducive environment for growth. By August 2023, UPI had crossed 10 billion transactions. Moreover, the total transaction value for August reached Rs 15.7 lakh crore. In FY 2023, the annual transactions were valued $1.7 trillion, with $380 billion in merchant payments. India actively shared its UPI technology with various countries, including France, Australia, Singapore, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and others. UPI has become a popular and widely used method for digital payments in India, offering a convenient and secure way to perform various financial transactions. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a real-time payment system in India that enables users to link multiple bank accounts to a single mobile application. It facilitates instant money transfers between two banks using mobile devices with the help of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) infrastructure. UPI allows users to make payments, request funds, and perform various financial transactions directly from their bank accounts. 24/7 Availability: UPI transactions can be initiated and completed at any time, including weekends and holidays. Immediate Fund Transfer: UPI enables instant money transfers between bank accounts in a secure and efficient manner. Single Mobile Application: Users can link multiple bank accounts to a single UPI-enabled mobile application, eliminating the need for multiple banking apps. Virtual Payment Address (VPA): Users are identified by a unique VPA, which acts as an alias for their bank account. This simplifies the process of sending and receiving money. QR Code Payments: UPI supports payments through QR codes, allowing users to scan codes for quick transactions. Bill Splitting and Collections: Users can split bills among friends and family, and businesses can collect payments easily through UPI. Security Measures: UPI transactions are secured with two-factor authentication, ensuring the safety of financial data.  As of October 2023, according to the most recent data from NPCI, PhonePe constituted 46% of UPI transaction volumes, Google Pay accounted for 36%, and Paytm contributed 13%.

There are instances when a family member’s reaction may seem abrupt or unexpected to outsiders. This could result from either a temporary occurrence or the culmination of pent-up emotions. This individual might display heightened volume and aggressiveness, potentially appearing impolite, irrational, or unsympathetic to others. Hence, the question arises: Who truly lacks sensitivity? Is it the individual who suddenly displays aggression, or is it the one who, through prolonged insensitivity, has triggered this aggressive response? In essence, while discourteous or loud behavior is never condoned, the underlying cause may not necessarily originate from the person deemed aggressive and insensitive. Instead, it could stem from the person who initially exhibited rudeness and insensitivity, thereby provoking such a state of aggression in the other. As the family members experience growth over time, their requirements for both physical space and emotional expression expand. This expansion may arise due to increased involvement in various activities and a greater need for interaction. It could also be triggered by the fact that as they mature, they are faced with more substantial decisions that have significant repercussions on each other. These decisions are not about trivial matters like choosing a movie or a restaurant; instead, they involve more crucial aspects such as asset sales, investment choices, or conflicts related to values and behaviors. The family unit gathers under a single roof based on its resourcefulness. As the family grows, it begins to seek additional resources, space, privacy, autonomy, and exclusivity. However, if this physical space or exclusivity is breached insensitively by prioritizing one member’s feelings or needs over the other and making unilateral decisions, it can hinder the growth and emotional development of one member while allowing another to take undue advantage. This inequality in sensitivity within the relationship dynamics can lead to one member dominating others over time. This is acceptable when it arises from genuine respect and sensitivity, rather than a lack of resources. Resourcefulness tends to improve over time as more members contribute financially, leading to greater income and resources. Conversely, a decline in resources can weaken the family unit. Nevertheless, a family can endure as a strong entity if there is mutual respect and equal sensitivity, avoiding the mentality that one’s needs consistently outweigh others’ or that dominance is acceptable. Picture a scenario where two family members have separate spaces to function. However, one member consistently imposes their dominance over the other, encroaching on their privacy and territory without seeking permission, and making alterations based on their dominant behavior. The more sensitive individual might tolerate this dominant behavior initially. Yet, they subtly convey that such dominance is unwelcome and should cease. Despite these gentle requests and feedback, the dominant behavior persists. This repeated action will undoubtedly erode the relationship between these two members. This erosion occurs for two reasons. First, the dominator begins to take the other person’s emotions or sensitivities for granted. Second, the individual losing their voice and failing to be heard becomes labeled as weak, lacking sensitivity and deserving of less respect. Consequently, when feedback and pleas are consistently ignored, the suppressed person may eventually resort to becoming forceful and outspoken in hopes that their forceful expression will finally receive attention At any given moment, if the less assertive individual remains quiet, it shouldn’t be interpreted as contentment with the dominating conduct. This person may not consistently exhibit loudness or aggression. It’s possible that they perceive the other’s dominance as something they can endure, or they strive to build tolerance, hoping that the dominating individual will eventually evolve for the better. When disparities in individual sensitivities emerge, causing the erosion of respect within a relationship, the scarcity of resources can have a profoundly negative and cumulative impact on each party involved. Daily life can become a torment, particularly for those who have demonstrated care and sensitivity, continually yielding their personal space and extending forgiveness. Those taken for granted experience the depletion of respect, turning the once unconditional bond conditional. The core values that define relationships, like “father,” are compromised. Even love, affection, and protection become conditional, disproportionately affecting the more sensitive individual in the family. Family relationships take on a corporate-like façade, devolving into superficial tags and slogans. Imagine family members resorting to written communication, unable to engage in direct conversation. Mutual respect evaporates, replaced by strained exchanges and confrontations, even in front of guests or household staff. Sarcasm and intolerance creep into interactions with relatives and neighbors, tarnishing the unit’s cohesion. The once-unified family loses its equilibrium, spiraling into disarray. Instead of a harmonious collective, it transforms into a cluster of individuals perpetually embroiled in petty conflicts due to their growing intolerance. Trust and faith in each other begin to wane, particularly among those who are sensitive and vulnerable. A pervasive fear of being harmed by the dominant position takes root, a distressing sentiment to experience within a family. Imagine a scenario where the domineering and insensitive individual not only consistently encroaches upon the other person’s rightful space but also introduces an external party to share that space unilaterally. The dominating figure not only imposes this unilateral decision but also invites an outsider to utilize the space without seeking permission or consent, even if temporarily. Such circumstances would irreparably break the relationship. The suppressed individual would be driven to isolation and aggression, eventually becoming a subject of mockery if this state persists. Raising their voice only paints them as tormented, conveying failure and worthlessness in their endeavors and relationships—a glaring lack of respect. What follows hinges on the extent to which the three foundational principles are violated and exploited. Would the sensitive party perceive it as tolerable, as it did in the past, blaming itself for outbursts? Alternatively, will they seek the root cause, eliminate the triggers, restore the principles, most importantly unconditional respect, and thwart the need to prove their roles within the family? Weakness lies not in sensitivity; it’s a strength. Weakness is allowing oneself to be taken for granted. It’s surrendering control, displaying a dearth

The bedrock of a harmonious family unit, characterized by its cohesive existence, rests upon three foundational principles:(1) unconditional and unwavering mutual respect (2) equality in terms of mutually empathetic care and (3) willingness to provide rightful support to one another. As family members grow and become mature, their need for self-expression increases, encompassing both physical (spatial and resource-related) and emotional or relationship dimensions. This inclination may arise due to the mounting activities revolving around them, necessitating more touchpoints for discussions and interactions. The relationships and communication between them, become more multi-purpose (complex), interactive and intense. It could also stem from the realization that, with growth, more pivotal and individual decisions are at stake but these decisions may profoundly influence other. These decisions become complex as they extend beyond the trivial matters like decisions about selecting  a school or college or a movie or a restaurant and start delving into weightier considerations such as life, companions, business investments, asset management,  and need intelligence and ethical value system, for systematically resolving conflicts between them. The family converges within a shared dwelling, the cohesiveness of which is shaped by the unit’s resourcefulness. As it progresses, it naturally seeks increased resources, space, seclusion, autonomy, and exclusiveness. However, if the physical space or the concept of exclusivity is heedlessly trespassed upon through unilaterally weighted decisions that prioritize one individual’s desires or emotions over another’s, it has the potential to hinder the advancement and psychological growth of one member. This situation arises when one member capitalizes unfairly on the vulnerabilities of another—perhaps because of their age, decisiveness, sensitivity, or nurturing disposition. Gradually, an imbalance may emerge wherein one family member, who is comparatively more sensitive individual (less resourceful or more dependent), starts to get under undue dominance of others, altering the dynamics of the relationship. This inequality in how sensitivities are treated within the family dynamics signify how healthy the unit can y stay unified. The inequality in addressing each other other’s vulnerabilities or demand or issues is acceptable if it is founded in a mutual respect and sensitivity to one another’s needs, rather than originating exclusively from the asymmetrical command and control over the limited resources, at any given time. Resourcefulness tends to evolve over time, influenced by factors such as increasing earnings as more family members contribute or the primary earner’s growing income. Even if the trajectory of resourcefulness is heading downwards at times, leading to reduced resources – financial or otherwise, a family can still sustain its unity if an environment of unconditional respect and equal sensitivity prevails. The core principle should be that no individual’s needs perpetually supersede another’s, nor should dominance be exercised without regard for the legitimate needs of others. Imagine a scenario where two family members have their separate spaces for functioning. However, one of them consistently exerts dominance over the other, continually intruding into the latter’s personal spaces and privacy without seeking permission. These intrusions are made unilaterally, driven by the dominating individual’s behavior. The more sensitive member might tolerate this dominant behavior initially, although it subtly conveys that such behavior is unwelcome and should not recur. Despite these gentle expressions of discontent and feedback, the dominant behavior persists and repeats.  This consistent repetition of the dominating behavior has a detrimental impact on the relationship between these two individuals, leading to degradation on two fronts. Firstly, the person in the dominant role starts taking the other person’s emotions and sensitivities for granted. Secondly, the individual who is silenced and unheard begins to be perceived as weak, lacking sensitivity, and undeserving of respect. Consequently, as the continuous feedback and requests go ignored, the individual who feels sidelined will eventually reach a point where they become forceful and outspoken. This shift in behavior stems from the hope that through a loud outburst, their feelings and concerns will finally receive the attention they deserve. At any given juncture, if the less assertive individual (one who is sensitive or emotional) remains quiet, it does not necessarily signify contentment with the prevailing dominant behavior. This person might not consistently exhibit loudness or aggressiveness. In certain instances, they may view the other person’s dominance as something they can endure within their tolerance threshold. Alternatively, this individual might actively work on cultivating tolerance, hoping that the dominating person will eventually transform for the better, either through their own accord or over time. When individual sensitivities are treated unequally and respect fades away from the relationship, the dearth of resources can trigger a potent negative compounding effect on both parties involved. Daily existence can transform into a distressing ordeal, particularly for those who have consistently demonstrated care and sensitivity. This holds true for those who continually surrender their personal space, extend forgiveness, and offer understanding. These individuals are taken for granted, and their contributions become conditional, corroding the very essence of respect within the family dynamic. The relationship is left bereft of its intrinsic value. Even the fundamental roles within the family, such as that of a “father,” lose their inherent respect. Love, affection, and protection similarly transform into conditional aspects, inflicting the greatest deprivation upon the weaker, sensitive member of the family. Family relationships metamorphose into something like a commercial or corporate structure, adorned with superficial labels and taglines (of relationships and significance for each other as team but each one is separate part in the system and easily disposable). Imagine a scenario where family members resort to written communication, as listening and direct conversations are no longer feasible due to the absence of mutual respect. They can no longer converse openly or honestly. Instead, they resort to loud confrontations, challenging decisions before guests, domestic staff, or helpers. Sarcasm replaces sincerity in interactions with relatives or neighbors. Tolerance dwindles, and relationships become transactional and strained. The family, in such circumstances, loses its equilibrium and unity. It disintegrates, shedding the rhythm of a harmonious whole. It morphs into a gathering of individuals embroiled in daily conflicts over minor matters due to their growing intolerance towards

The products and services have been every increasing in terms of numbers and forms. It is unstoppable chain of efforts when it comes to the journey of solving a problem. Why can not one design one ideal solution for a specific problem, that remains the best forever? Why keep designing new products and services for solving the same problem? Why can’t we visualize and think about the ideal solution as the final result or outcome and develop the ideal solution once for all? Is this an ideality ? Can this ideality be reality? If not, why and if yes when and how? Irrespective of those questions as mentioned, let us firs look into what is design thinking. It is thinking like a designer to solve a problem. It is about going to the person in pain and understand how this pain can be eliminated through a product or a service. Understand why this pain needs an attention and why this is worth a problem to be solved. Before working on designing a solution as a product or service, one needs to really understand the pain and problem and why it is significant enough to be addressed with time, money and resources. This much before even the product is designed. If we can not first learn to understand and appreciate the problem and pain and the people who are facing this, we can not succeed in designing a solution. We will create some solution but we will not be able to create the solution, as an impact that the end users are seeking. There is a need for having a process, to immerse in their problems. Designers need to collaborate with the stakeholders starting with the person in pain or people in problem. They need to understand their ecosystem and challenges. When the problem is being understood and their pain is being felt, the boundary of solution and what to expect minimum from such a solution evolves or rather starts emerging. The attributes of the solution or the criteria on which the solution could be called as a fit gets clearly articulated. These are solely from the perspective of the people facing the problem who will be buying these solutions from the market when they arrive. They will judge them whether they fit their needs and expectations of being a solution or not. Design thinking is a mindset for first to be focused on the people and their pains and problems from their perspective.  Design thinking is a problem solving mindset. It leverages designer’s sensibilities to continually understand people’s needs, expectations,  pains and problems in order to bring out solutions (products and/or services) that are feasible (solves the problems and fit the set of expectations (needs and desires of an individual in pain or facing the problem) such that these solutions can be converted into marketing opportunity. After why is established (i.e. if you have weighed the decision that you want to address those problems or they fall under your areas of interest and focus of providing value), it is then about how to move systematically and iteratively (continually) as a “solution designing or problem solving process” from the people who want or need the solutions  to the solutions that people want or need. Design thinking is human centered approach to problem solving. It is iterative, collaborative and practical. The people (market) in pain (need) and people (who want to design and/or sell solution) in gain (profits), are always working together whether its dry or rain (irrespective of the market environment and inherent challenges). It is about being hands on. It is always about looking from the perspective of customers (people in pain). Every decision in the process of solving a problem, if customer centric. It improves the internal processes for designing, producing and selling the solution. Design thinking origins as back 1950s and 1960s. In those days it was mostly about the impact of the World War II in terms of application of new knowledge and strategic thinking to industrial design, production and management of operations. It is always an human effort in the realm of creative thinking to make this thinking (about designing a system that solves a problem) as a systematic process or approach i.e. more and more scientific and predictable.  However it is unreasonable to say all problems can be solved at any given point in time. To solve a problem, one might need resources to exist so that a system designer can put them together to work in a particular and consistently repeated manner i.e. imposed by a design construct (arrived after multiple rounds of experimentation or cycles of learning-thinking-doing-reflecting).  Experimentation and its outcome can be planned predictably. There are certain things in the process of designing a system or solution that needs learning through a discovery, that needs one to first carry or try out an experiment and then see if this works or fails to deliver the intended outcome. If the experiments yield unexpected outcomes, these data points and observations are then once again pushed to the design table to re-think and attempt a new design to be prototyped and validated. Irrespective of the problem or industry domain, such a process of innovation or problem solving, that deals with new resources or new designs, needs experiments to be carried out as a part of the learning through discovery phases. It takes time and remains uncertain in terms of  putting a closure date to this. The only way to make things move faster at this stage (crashing the fuzzy end of the innovation process) , is to do as many well defined experiments and as quickly as possible.  Not all problems need experimentation and also many times, if right resources are missing or non-existent (lets say yet to be invented or not accessible) or if there  are resources available (already invented or discovered) then the real challenge is perhaps purely to “somehow” figure out the solution by designing or architecting a system using these resources