Inventive Principles are a key concept within TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving), a systematic problem-solving methodology developed by Russian inventor and scientist Genrich Altshuller. Altshuller, along with his colleagues, analyzed a vast number of patents to identify patterns and commonalities in the inventive solutions. From this analysis, they derived a set of Inventive Principles that could be applied to solve problems and generate creative solutions. TRIZ is based on the idea that there are universal principles and patterns that underlie inventive solutions across different domains and industries. By understanding and applying these principles, innovators can overcome challenges and create more efficient, effective, and elegant solutions to problems. The Inventive Principles serve as a set of guidelines or heuristics that help individuals think systematically about how to approach and solve problems.
Genrich Altshuller initially identified 40 Inventive Principles in TRIZ. These principles provided a set of guidelines or heuristics for approaching and solving problems. Over time, as TRIZ evolved and more insights were gained from the analysis of inventive solutions, the list of Inventive Principles expanded. The additional principles were meant to offer a more comprehensive set of strategies for addressing a wider range of problems. The total number of principles in later different versions of TRIZ, as being practiced by its practitioners, is assumed to have increased to 76 or even more. To a great extent, these are either extensions of original principles or off-shoots (like sub-principles or defined as 76 inventive standards) or varied interpretation and granular categorization (context sensitive). However, each principle or inventive standard represents a general solution approach that has proven effective in various inventive situations. The goal of TRIZ and its Inventive Principles is to accelerate the problem-solving process by leveraging the collective knowledge embedded in patents and inventive solutions. It encourages users to look beyond traditional problem-solving methods and consider innovative, often counterintuitive approaches.
Some of the key aspects of Inventive Principles in TRIZ include: Contradictions: TRIZ emphasizes resolving inherent contradictions within a system to achieve improvements. These contradictions often involve conflicting requirements or characteristics that must be addressed simultaneously. Ideality: Striving for an ideal solution, where all desirable functions are present without any drawbacks, is a central concept. Inventors are encouraged to move toward an ideal state. Patterns of Evolution: TRIZ identifies common patterns of technological evolution and innovation. Understanding these patterns can guide inventors in predicting future developments. 40 Principles: The original 40 Inventive Principles provide specific guidance on how to overcome contradictions and improve systems. Each principle is associated with a general approach or technique. Su-Field Analysis: TRIZ employs Su-Field Analysis, a method for analyzing the relationships between a system (Su), the object being acted upon (Field), and the action or force applied.
Overall, the Inventive Principles in TRIZ provide a structured framework for problem-solving, fostering creativity and innovation by drawing on the accumulated knowledge of inventive solutions from diverse fields. TRIZ research originally uncovered 40 inventive strategies or principles capable of challenging and eliminating contradictions and conflicts. These principles are most effectively used as brainstorm focus devices – with users trying to make connections between their situation and the recommended directions suggested by the principles. The 40 principles are described below but before that there are certain axioms related to them as follows:
(1) Single principle may be valid for eliminating more than one contradiction
(2) A contradiction may be resolved using more than one principle
(3) There is no direct link between an invention and the principles
(4) An invention has an application context (which determines the primary and secondary functions), state of evolution, set of ideality values (for each primary function at each state of evolution) and the underlying construction (i.e., resources) to deliver the primary function
(5) Each invention evolves over a period denoted by its state of evolution (based on the change in the ideality value for a primary function (not just mere modification or reconstruction of the invention)
(6) An invention has primary and secondary functional objectives in each application context, and it is the application context that decides which functions (out of many being delivered) constitutes the primary functional objective for the invention
(7) An invention may have one or more contradictions dictated by its construction (which are application context sensitive)
(8) An invention may use one or more principles to resolve the same contradiction
(9) It is highly probable that a contradiction elimination thinking process using more than one valid principle may dictate (or leads to or satisfies) the same construction for the invention
(10) Mostly the application context dictates the primary function, and it is pre-determined or known to the inventor prior to the construction of the invention (introduction of universality is usually an after thought to improve the ideality laterally)
(11) What contradictions may emerge from the construction of invention strongly depend upon the application context and the changing conditions around it
(12) What states of evolution may emerge or become feasible strongly depend upon the changes in the network of value dictated or determined by the system (or construction of invention) hierarchy?
(13) It is the application context and/or the state of evolution that determine the potential principles to serve as trigger to solve problems or evolve the invention by reconstruction
(14) A minimal construction or reconstruction is the underlying ideality objective for any invention
(15) Solving a contradiction may yield a solution or invention inherent or introduced with other set of contradictions (contradiction shift/network)
(16) Improving system for one parameter, might be set against trade-off with more then one worsening paratmeters. For example one might need to improve the convenience of use parameter without compromising the manufacturing complexity, mass and energy consumption set against it as worsening parameter. Hence invention could solve convenience of use against manufacturing complexity but might not be able to solve for mass or energy consumption. In short, solving all the contradictions set against a single parameter for improvement, might not be feasible.
The “Random Stimulation Method” is a creative thinking technique that involves introducing a completely random element to stimulate new ideas and connections in problem-solving. This method is a form of lateral thinking, emphasizing the value of randomness and unconventional approaches in problem-solving. It’s a technique that leverages the mind’s ability to make unexpected connections when prompted by seemingly unrelated stimuli.
This method is particularly useful when facing a challenging or rigid problem and a fresh perspective is needed. The process is simple and can be employed individually performing following steps : (1) Choose a random word, typically a noun, without any direct connection to the problem you’re trying to solve. This word is selected arbitrarily and serves as a trigger for creative thinking. (2) Reflect on the chosen word and explore its various attributes, associations, and potential meanings. Allow your mind to wander and make connections between the word and different aspects of the problem. (3) Connect the thoughts generated from contemplating the random word to the problem or challenge you’re facing. Look for potential analogies, metaphors, or unconventional connections that may offer fresh insights. (4) Write down your thoughts, ideas, and any potential solutions that emerge during the process. Documenting the connections you make helps in organizing and refining the generated ideas. (5) If needed, you can repeat the process with another random word to explore additional perspectives or angles related to the problem.
The key idea behind the Random Stimulation Method is to break away from conventional thinking patterns by injecting randomness into the creative process. The arbitrary nature of the selected word helps in bypassing preconceived notions and encourages the mind to make novel associations. It encourages divergent thinking by exploring unconventional connections. It helps in breaking mental blocks and challenging rigid thinking patterns. It acts as a simple and efficient way to stimulate creative thinking. It provides a fresh perspective on a problem by introducing an unrelated starting point. It can be easily applied by individuals for personal creative exploration.
Let us describe the concept of a system, highlighting its key characteristics and components. A system exists within a defined boundary and comprises elements and their mutual relationships. The boundary can be generally recognized or defined arbitrarily for a specific purpose. Elements can be tangible, abstract, or conceptual.
Relationships exist among elements both internal to the system and across its boundary to elements in the environment. Some parts of the environment are directly or indirectly active or reactive, while others are remote with little or no influence. The combination of elements and their relationships defines the structure of the system. Relationships include the arrangement of elements relative to each other. Systems may have primary, assisting, and secondary inputs, as well as primary and secondary outputs (throughputs). Inputs undergo a change of state, transformation, or processing to produce outputs. Transformations can occur in discrete steps or continuously and may be natural or artificial.
Systems form a hierarchy, ranging from simple one-element systems to compound systems and global systems. Higher complexity systems consist of lower systems and their relationships. The behavior of a higher system is an aggregate of behaviors of lower systems, including synergies arising from interactions. This definition and understanding of systems emphasize their hierarchical nature, the interplay between elements and their relationships, and the transformational processes that occur within the defined boundaries. Systems thinking involves considering not only the individual components but also their interactions and contributions to the overall behavior of the system.
Inventive Principles
1. Segmentation : Divide an object or system into independent parts. 2. Extraction(Taking Out or Isolation): Remove or separate a particular part or property from an object or system. 3. Local Quality: Change an object or system’s structure to have different properties in different places. 4. Asymmetry: Change the shape or properties of an object or system to make it more functional. 5. Consolidation (Merging) : Combine two or more objects or systems to improve their functionality. 6. Universality: Make a part or object perform multiple functions.
7. Nesting (Nested Doll): Place one object inside another or embed systems within each other. 8. Counterweight(Anti-weight): Compensate for the weight of an object or system by adding a counterweight. 9. Prior Counteraction (Preliminary Counteraction, Prior Anti-Action): Counteract harmful factors before they can cause damage. 10. Prior Action (Preliminary Action): Use the available energy in an object or system before it is needed. 11. Cushioning in Advance (Beforehand Cushioning): Use part of an object or system to accomplish a task or amplify an existing action. 12. Equipotential(ity): Make all parts of a system or object work at the same potential.
13. Do It In Reverse (The Other Way Round): Reverse the action or process of an object or system. 14. Spheroidality (Curvature): Change the shape of an object or system from linear to curved or vice versa. 15. Dynamicity: Change an object or system’s state or movement. 16. Partial or Excessive Actions: Achieve slightly less or slightly more of the desired effect (or action) from the object (or system), if it is difficult to obtain exactly 100% of the desired effect. 17. Transition into a New Dimension (Another Dimension): Move an object or system into a different dimension (e.g., move it in time or space). 18. Mechanical Vibration: Introduce vibrations into an object or system.
19. Periodic Action: Make an object or system perform a periodic action. 20. Continuity of Useful Action: Keep an object or system working continuously. 21. Rushing Through (Skipping) : Skip an unnecessary stage in a process. 22. Convert Harm Into Benefits (Blessing in Disguise): Turn a harmful factor into a useful one. 23. Feedback: Introduce feedback loops to control and optimize processes. 24. Mediator (Intermediary): Use an intermediary carrier object or system to perform an action.
25. Self-Service: Make an object or system perform its own maintenance or improvement. 26. Copying: Duplicate a useful object or process. 27. Dispose (Cheap Short-Living Objects): Use inexpensive, disposable objects in place of more expensive ones. 28. Replacement of Mechanical System (Mechanics Substitution): Replace a mechanical system with a different type of mechanism. 29. Pneumatics or Hydraulics Constructions: Use air or liquid pressure to perform a task. 30. Flexible Membranes or Thin Films: Use flexible structures or shells ,thin membranes or films to improve system’s properties.
31. Porous Materials (Porosity) : Make an object or system porous to allow certain substances to pass through. 32. Changing Color (Using Colors): Change the color of an object or system to indicate a change in state. 33. Homogeneity: Make an object or system more homogeneous to improve its properties. 34. Rejecting and Regenerating Parts (Discarding and Recovering): Discard waste products and recover useful substances. 35. Transformation of Properties (Parameter Changes): Change the physical state of an object or system. 36. Phase Transition: Use phase transitions (e.g., solid to liquid) to achieve a desired result.
37. Thermal Expansion: Use thermal expansion to achieve a specific effect. 38. Accelerated Oxidation (Strong Oxidants): Use strong oxidizing agents to improve a process. 39. Inert Environment (Inert Atmosphere or Surroundings): Use an inert or calm atmosphere or envrionment or surroundings to prevent unwanted or undesired reactions with the system or its part or interface. 40. Composite Materials: Use composite materials to improve the properties of an object or system.
01. segmentation
a. Divide an object into independent parts
b. Make an object sectional, for easy to assemble or disassemble or undestand (introduce or use IKEA effect, eliminate processing difficulty effect)
c. Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation
d. Divide the function of the object or system into independent sub-functions, to be performed by a same part (as in universality) or different parts (as in do-it-reverse of universality with segmentation i.e. split the part into multiple parts with each performing a differnet function)
e. Divide the process steps into sub-steps, make two or more process steps instead of one (eliminate curse of knowledge)
f. Divide or segment the object for easier or faster recall or incremental addition (eliminate list-length effect, eliminate part-set cueing effect, leverage denomination effect, impact bias).
02. extraction
extracting, retrieving, removing
recalling, TRIMMING, LEAVING OUT, STANDING OUT
a. Extract the “disturbing” part or property from an object.
b. Extract only the necessary part or property of an object. Extract or single out the only ‘one necessary’ part, substance, property or function from the system (introduce or use occam’s razor)
c. Take out or remove the disturbing functions or effects from the system. Check which functions can be omitted, which are making the system complex (trim, simplify, eliminate curse of knowledge, eliminate reactance)
d. Take out or remove one or more non-value adding process or operations or steps i.e. introduc lean operations (eliminate or avoid law of triviality, eliminate bike-shedding effect, eliminate or avoid processing difficulty bias, avoid selective perception bias, avoid focusing effect )
e. Remove or extract or retrieve or replace components or elements in a uniform (symmetric) or non-uniform (asymmetric or distinctive) manner based on specfifc properties or order, for instance first (primacy effect) or last (recency effect) or first and last both introduce serial position effect, introduce Von Restorff effect, introduce spotlight effect, leverage mere-exposure effect, address recency illusion, effort justification) etc .
f. Extract , recall, or highlight “false or missing or misinforming” components, parts, operations, elements, communication messages (eliminate false memory bias, eliminate misinformation effect, eliminate self-consistency bias, avoid illusory truth, naive cyncism, adddress argument fallacy bias)
03. local quality
a. Transition from homogenous (uniform) to heterogenous (non-uniform) structure (or properties) of an object or its external surrounding environment (action).
b. Different parts of an object should carry out (fufil) different or distinctive functions (introduce Von Restorff effect).
c. Each part of an object should be placed under conditions that are most favorable (suitable) for its operations.
c. Different parts of the object to exhibit opposite or contrasting properties, isolated in time or space or conditions (eliminate cognitive dissonance, contrast effect)
04. ASYMMETRY
a. Replace symmetrical form(s) with asymmetrical form (s)
b. If an object is already asymmetrical, increase its degree of asymmetry
c. Remove or extract objects or components or elements in a non-uniform or asymmetric manner (increasing asymmetry with extraction, introducing Von Restorff effect , introduce or use pareidolia effect, hard-easy effect)
d. Change the degree of deviation, distance, separation, frequency, correlations etc of actions (increasing asymmetry of actions using local quality, eliminate or avoid authority bias, leverage rhyme-as-reason effect, leverage bizarreness effect, leverage Weber-Fechner Law, leverage distinction bias, mental accounting bias, illusion of transparency, rosy retrospection, clustering illusion)
05. consolidation
a. Consolidate in space homogenous objects or objects destined for contingous operations (at the same location i.e. merge objects in space that are intended to be located physically together or adjacent to each other).
b. Consolidate in time homogenous objects or objects destined for contingous operations (at the same time i.e. merge operations in time that are intended to be be completely or performed together)
c. Consolidate similar objects with different (even competing) parameters or characteristics or properties.
d. Consolidate objects supplementing or complementing each other for the destined or desired common action or effect. (eliminate or avoid conjunction fallacy, avoid illusory correlation effect, leverage subadditivity effect)
d. Consolidate in mode homogenous objects or objects destined for contingous operations (in the same mode or condition i.e. merge objects having same or similar mode or condition for operation (eliminate suffix-effect, introduce modality effect)
06. universality
a. Make an object perform several different functions (universal); therefore, other (unnecessary or redundant) elements can be removed (introduce or use Barnum-Forer effect).
b. Make a same system or performance or operation universal i.e. acceptable and applicable in different contexts or or conditions or usage or user groups (eliminate curse of knowledge, introduce semmelweis effect, introduce/use Baader-Meinof effect, subjective validation bias, avoid false consensus effect, Halo Effect, Functional Fixedness, Anecdotal Fallacy)
07. NESTING
a. One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on…
b. An object passes through a cavity in another object.
08. counterweight
a. Compensate for the weight of an object directly or by combining it with another object (acting as an anti-weight) that provides a lifting force
b. Compensate for the weight of an object with aerodynamics or hydrodynamic, gravitational, centrifugal, electromagnetic, electric etc forces influenced by the external environment (action).
c. Compensate for the lack of information, memory recall, absemce of an interface or feedback by combining with another system or part or influenced by outside environment that provides information completeness, closure of loop, relay or recovery or retention or recall of memory or information (eliminate tip of the tongue effect, elimintae absentmindedness effect, cue-dependent forgetting, context effect, focusing effect, conservatism)
09. PRIOR Counteraction
PRIOR Counteraction OF HARM
a. Preload countertension (or counteraction or counter-stress) to an object (in advance) to compensate (protect from) an excessive and undesirable stress , action or weight or harm.
b. Reverse the system’s properties (pressure, temperaturve, volume etc) to accommodate excessive or extreme operating conditions, such as preemptively cooling it if it will be exposed to extreme heat
c. Anticipate and mitigate the least probable or rare adverse effect or action, particularly if it poses a critical risk to/from the system (eliminate neglect of probability bias, offset risk compensation effects, eliminate Peltzman effect, introduce or use zero-risk bias, eliminate or avoid optimization bias, congruence bias, leverage pessimism bias, Moral Credential Effect, Outcome Bias)
10. PRIOR ACTION
a. Perform required changes (useful action or operations or process) to (or by) an object completely or partially in advance / ahead of time (avoid or eliminate planning fallacy, eliminate bike-shedding effect, leverage anchoring bias, framing effect, congruence bias, Hindsight Bias).
b. Place (pre-arrange) objects in advance so that they can go into action immediately (without waiting or consuming time) from the most convenient location (better relative position in space and/or time as in dynamicity).
11. Cushion in advance
a. Compensate for the relatively low reliability (or failure) of an object (or its operations or actions), with emergency meansures prepared (placed) in advance.
b. Compensate for the harmful effects or actions on the environment caused by the system (eliminate the neglect of probability bias)
12. equipotentiality
a. Change the condition of the work in such a way that it will not require lifting or lowering an object
b. Avoid making changes in the energy (maintaining a constant level of eneergy – potential, thermal, electric, optical, magnetic etc) associated with the systems or parts while introducing modifications or adjustments.
c. Change the characteristics or properties of the system (for instance, safety, accessibility, security, affordability, simplicity to understand or convenience of use etc) in such a way that the system is more equitable, fair, balanced, acceptable and inclusive in a given condition of the work or usage or user groups (eliminate illusion of asymmetric insight, eliminate curse of knowledge, leverage money illusion)
13. DO IT IN REVERSE
DO AN INVERSE (INVERSION)
a. Instead of the direct action (currently) dictated by a problem , implement an opposite action i.e. cooling instead of heating, upwards instead of downwards etc (introduce or use reverse psychology).
b. Make the movable part of an object or it outside environment, stationary (fixed) – and stationary (fixed) part moveable
c. Turn an object upside-down
d. Instead of most probalistic or certain useful action or option or effect, design and implement for the least likely by occurence or acceptance (most uncertain or rare) beneficial action or useful effect (eliminate pseudocertainty effect bias, eliminate semmelweis effect, eliminate hot-hand fallacy, eliminate ambiquity aversion bias, avoid frequency illusion)
e. Instead of entirely relying on an automated system (overestimating capabilities) for action and guidance, also involve human operators (do not underutilize human judgment) especially in case of malfunctions or automated system failures etc (eliminating automation bias)
f. Instead of seeking a conformity with an externally imposed trend or effect or relying on an external feedback, resist all such influences, and act or align based on its own observation or independent information or judgment or self-reflection as in case of a self-service i.e. ignoring an external feedback (eliminate bandwagon effect, elliminate reactance, third person effect, declinism bias, survivorship bias)
g. Instead of rushing through or carrying out the harmful action at a high speed, signficantly reduce the harmful effect, over a longer duration (introduce duration neglect)
h. Convert the asymmetrical shape or property or parameter of an object back to symmetrical one (do inverse or reverse of asymmetry)
i. Consolidate objects having different, competing or opposing, or complementing (space, time, interface, energy, environment) characteristics or operations (do it in reverse along with consolidation)
j. Instead of seeking transformation or change of properties of a system or part (like pressure, temperature, volume, stress, shape or structure etc), resisting or opposing it whenever exposed (or as in prior counteraction i.e. beforehand)
k. Instead of circular, rotational or centrifugal or spherical or spheroidal or spiral or non-linear forces or actions or objects, use linear or gravitational forces or actions or objects (do it reverse as in spheroidality).
l. Perform operations or actions or process or change in a phase (phase transition) in a reverse order or in opposite sequence.
m. Instead of a prolonged partial or excessive actions, replace it with a precise action (eliminate sunk cost fallacy, elminate or avoid irrational escalation, introduce or use zero-risk bias).
14. spheroidality
a. Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surfaces with spherical surfaces and cube shapes with (circular or) ball shapes.
b. Use rollers, balls (domes, spheres, cylindrical, conical etc), spirals.
c. Replace linear motion with rotational (swirling) motion or trajectories; utilize centrifugal forces.
15. Dynamicity
a. Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage (or phase) of an operation.
b. If an object is immobile (or rigid), make it mobile (or movable or adaptive). Make it interchangeable (or reversible or adaptive or flexible).
c. Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other (for instance introducing more joints, interfaces or layers or phases or levels or inter-connections (same as in homegneity or different as in inversion of it or compositie materials), springs, fluid or gases or non-static forces etc) .
d. Make a process or operation or field dynamic – adaptive, optimal for different levels, configurable or to change with time and/ or in structure and configuration (zero-sum bias).
16. PARTIAL or Excessive action
leveling and/or sharpening
telescoping effect
a. If it is difficult to obtain 100% of a desired effect, achieve (obtain) more or less of the desired effect (with or without introducing a compensatory or protective action to offset the undesired effects of the introduced gap)
b. Trim or level a substance or energy or property after applying it in excess to obtain more or less the desired effect (use or introduce leveling and/or sharpening effect in any order, eliminate unit bias, introduce or use less-is-better effect, introduce or use left-digit-bais). Trim or leveling could also mean simplifying, generalizing, minimizing, homogenizing etc. Applying in access could mean maximizing, optimizing, highlighting, emphasizing, contrasting, sharpening etc
c. Obtain the desired effect at a proximal or subsequent time if precise control at the desired time and location is difficult (introduce telescoping effect, eliminate or avoid illusion of control, Insensitivity to Sample Size, Positivity Effect, Illusion of Validity ).
17. transition into a new dimension
a. Transition one-dimensional movement or placement of objects into two-dimensional; two dimensional into three dimensional etc.
b. Utilize multi-level (layer or phases or surfaces etc) composition of objects. Utilize transition form mini to micro to nano level object size and structures.
c. Incline (tilt and/or project) an object or place it on its side
d. Utilize or transit or shift to the opposite (contrasting) sides of a surface or a dimension.
e. Project (optical lines or an object) onto neighboring areas or onto the reverse side (or transition or transform onto a different dimension) of an object (or a reference object).
f. Shift or expand beyond the known or recurring or familiar or conventional zone by challenging assumptions and introducing or adding different perspectives or assumptions as new dimensions i.e. going beyond the comfort or beaten paths (eliminate well travelled road effect, eliminate system justification, eliminate curse of knowledge, eliminate or avoid expectation bias, eliminate or avoid gamber’s fallacy, elliminate or avoid status quo bias, introduce or leverage pro-innovation bias).
g. Transition to a new dimension to manifest as a preference for the old system, part, or method (do-it-reverse) (eliminate appeal to novelty effect).
18. mechanical vibration
a. Utilize (cause or introduce or subject to) oscillation
b. If oscillation exists, increase (or change) its frequency (to ultrasonic).
c. Use the frequency of resonance, optimal self-oscillation or relative frequencies (subjective validation bias, availability heuristics, bizarreness effect, confirmation bias, avoid frequency illusion).
d. Relace mechanical vibrations with piezo-vibrations
e. Use ultrasonic vibrations in conjunction with an electromagnetic (ro thermal or other) fields
19. periodic action
a. Replace a continuous action with a periodic one (use or introduce impulses or replace it with pulsating ones)
b. If the action is already periodic, change the its expected frequency or amplitude or order or effect (introduce or eliminate resonance or asymmetry or mutual exclusivity)
c. Use pauses between impulses to provide additional action (as in synchronized or harmonized relative or composite or multiple similar or different actions ).
d. Recall or review or retrieve or reinforce actions or information or feedback, actively with necessary levels or spacing effects (introduce testing effect, levels-of-processing effect, introduce spacing effects, eliminate restraint bias, introduce or improve impulse control and attention, eliminate empathy gap effects, leverage confirmation bias, avoid frequency illusion, eliminate cue-dependent forgetting, leverage context effect).
20. continuity of useful action
a. Make all (individual) parts of the system to constantly operate at full capacity (loaded optimally to perform with no or minimal breaks ). Carry out an action or operation without a break.
b. Remove all idle and intermediate motion or operations (skipping, skimmming, rushing through the pauses between operations or make them useful)
c. Replace “back and forth” (agitative) or one time motion with a rotating or continuous one (introduce spheroidality for continuity in motion, leverage observer effect, leverage observer-expectancy effect).
d. Remove legacy or outdated object or system or recede propagation of misinformation (inaccurate and harmful) or retroactively ascribe positive attributes to the system (eliminate continued influence effect, introduce / use choice-supportive bias, eliminate self-consistency bias, introduce / use post-purchase rationalization bias, eliminate loss aversion bias, eliminate hot-hand fallacy, eliminate reactance, avoid system justification bias , confirmation bias, Normalcy Bias).
21. rushing through
a. Perform harmful and hazardous operations at a very high speed.
b. Remove, extract or drop undesired operations through extraction, or convert harm into benefits (eliminate or avoid time-saving bias, remove bike-shedding effect)
22. Convert harm into benefits
a. Utilize harmful factors – especially environmental – to obtain a positive effect.
b. Remove one harmful factor by combining it with another harmful factor
c. Increase the degree or intensity of harmful action to such an extent that it ceases to be harmful
d. Decrease the degree of harmful action with time to such an extent that it ceases to exist (eliminate or reduce negativity bias)
e. Increase the degree of beneficial action wiith time – to obtain a net positive effect with or without removing or decreasing the harmful action (improve or use fading effect bias, Murphy’s Law)
23. FEEDBACK
FEED FORWARD
a. Introduce feedback (closed loop systems)
b. If feedback already exists, change it. Increase its degree of automation, intelligence, intensity, accuracy, reliability, documentation, applicability or scope, controllability, auditability, and adaptiveness etc (introduce or use Barnum-Forer Effect, eliminate or avoid trait-ascription bias, eliminate self-consistency bias , eliminate actor-observer bias, introduce or use magical number 7±2, eliminate reactance, eliminate belief bias ).
c. Introduce diverse and multiple feed backward and feed forward mechanisms and of varying kinds – homogeneous and heterogeneous, supporting and conflicting, useful and harmful, reliable and unreliable, encouraging and threatening, past and incremental etc for relevant data, information, facts, assumptions, evidence, contexts, experiences, opinions, viewpoints, suggestions, recommendations, etc. (eliminate appeal to probability effect, eliminate backfire effects, endowment effect, eliminate ostrich effect, address subjective validation bias, avoid authority bias, eliminate/introduce social comparison bias, avoid decoy effect, eliminate or avoid information bias, avoid processing difficulty bias, leverage attention bias, humor effect, Lake Wobegone effect, defensive attribution effect, illusory superiority, fundamental attribution error, ultimate attribution error, cross-race effect)
24. MEDIATOR
a. Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action
b. Temporarily connect the original object to an intermediary one that can be easily removed/detached. Introduce or use intermediaries – operations or objects (eliminate or avoid trait ascription bias, eliminate actor-observer bias, eliminate ostrich effect, eliminate hot-hand fallacy, illusion of exterbal agency, moral luck, Extrinsic Incentive Error).
25. self-servicE
a. Make an object (includes human) service itself and carry-out supplementary and repair operations (introduce/use IKEA effect, leverage generation effect).
b. Make use of waste material (resources) and energy.
c. Make use of available resources such as information, energy, substances, space etc. in an external or surrounding environment.
d. Make operations sustainable by removing or reducing harm to both the system itself and its external or surrounding environment.
e. Make use of prediction, metacognition and generative intelligence for self-learning and self-assessment driven introduction of new behaviors, capabilities and actions (eliminate misattribution memory, eliminate source confusion, eliminate flase memory, eliminate self-consistency bias, eliminate prejudice, eliminate stereotypical bias owing to implicit associations and stereotypes, eliminate curse of knowledge, introduce/eliminate social comparison bias, eliminate belief bias, avoid ego-centric bias, leverage self-relevance bias, address just world hypothesis, address not-invented-here bias, address reactive devaluation, Lake Webegone effect, avoid overconfidence effect, avoid social desirability bias, illusory superiority, fundamental attribution error, ultimate attribution error, corss-race effect)
26. COPYING
a. A simplified and inexpensive copy should be used in place of a fragile original or an object that is inconvenient to operate.
b. If a visible optical copy is used, replace it with an infrared or ultraviolet copies
c. Replace an object (or system or objects) with other optical or digital copies i.e. image, models, simulations, projections, audio-video visuals, AR/VR/MR, robots, drones etc. The digital or phyical copies, replicas, substitutes can then be adjusted, increased, reduced, enlarged etc. (introduce picture superiority effect)
27. DISPOSE
a. Replace an expensive object with (one or multiple, permanent or temporary, internal or external) inexpensive ones, compromising other properties i.e. logevity (eliminate or avoid disposition effect)
28. replacement of mechanical systems
a. Replace a mechnical system with an optical, acoustical, thermal, or olfactory (smell) or biological system.
b. Use an electric, magnetic or electromagnetic field to interact with an object
c. Replace field that are : stationary with mobile , fixed with changing in time or random with structured
d. Use fields in conjunction with ferromagnetic particles
e. Replace or augment or integrate or embed or extend or use a digital or electronic or computing or data or telecommunication system (introduce Google Effect)
29. pneumatic or hydraulic constructions
a. Replace solid (monolithic) parts or an object with a gas or liquid or vaccum (constituents). These parts can now use air or water for inflation, suspension or penumatic or hydrostatic effects or cushions.
30. flexible membranes or thin films
a. Replace customary or traditional or current constructions with flexible membranes or thin films
b. Isolate an object from its outside environment with flexible membranes or thin films or coatings or shell or fields (for instance introducing vibrations or electromagnetic effects on the surface etc)
31. porous materials
a. Make an object porous or add porous elements (introduce or use supplementary properties apart from structure and size of porosity like capillary effect)
b. If an object is already porous, fill pores (in advance) with some useful substance or field.
32. changing the color
a. Change the color of an object or (relative to) its external environment (introduce Von Restorff effect)
b. Change the degree of translucency (or transparency) of an object or its environment
c. Use color as additives to observe an object or process which is difficult to see (or make it easy to be noticed i.e. introduce spotlight effect, identifiable victim effect)
d. If such additives are already used, employ luminescent traces or other tracers.
33. homogeneity
a. Objects interacting with the main object should be made out of the same material (or material with similar properties) as the main object.
b. Make one or more different objects in the system to achieve the same action or effect as the main or primary object (homogeneity, universality and prior action for cushioning in advance, money illusion, out-group homogeneity, group attribution bias, In-group Favoritism, Stereotyping, Cheerleader Effect)
34. REJECTING and Regenerating parts
DISCARDING and RESTORING, DISCARDING AND RECOVERING
a. Reject or modify (discard, dissolve, evaporate etc) a part of an object after it has completed its function or become useless
b. Restore (reset), the used-up (fatigued, exhausted, depleted) part of an object during or after the work is over (eliminate loss aversion bias)
c. Remember and recall, disconnect and reconnect, detach and attach , destroy and regenerate etc just on time, during, after or across the process (eliminate memory inhibition, humor effect)
35. transformation of properties
transformation of physical or chemical properties
a. Change the physical state of the sysetm
b. Change the concentration or density (or consistency or intensity)
c. Change the degree of flexibility (shape, structure or phase specific dimensional properties)
d. Change the object’s temperature and/or other physical properties such as volume, pressure, density, inductance, capacitance, viscosity, radiance etc.
e. Change the operational effect or properties by varying the chemical compositions or properties – formulation, pH, solubility etc.
f. Change the order of occurence of actions or operations (introduce serial-position effect, Introduce peak-end effect)
g. Consider the full spectrum of properties, states of transition, interfaces, etc., as a set — not in isolation — for the transformation, parameterization, or configurations of the system. (eliminate essentialism, eliminate hot-hand fallacy).
36. phase transition
a. Using the phenomenona of phase change (or transitions) i.e. a change in volume or density , the liberation or absorption of heat energy etc.
b. User second order phase transitions wherein the material undergoes a gradual change during a transition (i.e. not an abrupt change as observed or marked in the first order phase transitions).
37. THermal expansion
THermal expansion and Contraction
a. Use expansion or contraction of materials by changing its temperature , before or during or after an action or use of material – solid, liquid, gas etc.
b. Use various materials (as in composite materials) with different coefficients of thermal expansion. Make use of relative transformation of properties using composite materials (money illusion).
c. Use reversible changes in shape or size or properties in response to an external stimuli, such as temperature variations.
38. accelerated oxidation
strong oxidants
a. Make transition from one level of oxidation to the next higher level:
1. Ambient air to oxygenated
2. Oxygenated to oxygen
3. Oxygen to ionized oxygen
4. Ionized oxygen to ozoned oxygen
5. Ozoned oxygen to ozone
6. Ozone to singlet oxygen (use other strong or extreme oxidants)
39. INERT ENVIRONMENT
a. Replace a normal environment with an inert one i.e. carry out operations in an inert or uninterrupted or unbiased or neutral environment (eliminate bias blind spot, experimenter’s bias)
b. Introduce a neutral substance or additives into a object (make use of inert or protecting or antioxidant coatings or additives or foams etc and protect or isolate objects).
c. Carry out the process in a vacuum
40. Composite materials
a. Replace homogeneous (uniform) materials with composite ones having same or different aggregate states i.e. liquid-liquid or liquid-gas etc.
b. If the material is already composite, introduce or make use of its mechanical , electrical, thermal or optical anisotropic properties
c. Introduce use of additives to improve the properties of composite materials
d. Introduce use of fields to improve the controllable properties of composite materials
S1: SUBSTANCE , SPACE, SURFACE, APPEARANCE, TRANSITIONS ORIENTED: { 3, 7, 26, 27, 29, ( 30, 31, 40) , (4, 14,1 7, 32), 35, 36 }
S2: FIELD, ENERGY ORIENTED: { (8, 12, 18) , 28, 29, 37, 38 }
S3: FUNCTIONS, EFFECTS, ACTION, MOTION, POSITION, TIME ORIENTED: { ( 9, 10, 11 ) , 15, 16, ( 19, 20, 21 ) , 25, 34 }
S4: UNIVERSAL – ENVIRONMENT, PROPERTIES, DIRECTION, INTERFACE, INFORMATION ORIENTED: { ( 1, 2, 5 ) , 6, 24, 33, ( 13, 22, 23 ) , (39) }
Note: If these segregation of inventive principles seems logical. Then these principles can be number accordingly. However it has an impact on the contradition pairs being defined based on the exisitng numbering. Hence we might contiue to have the same numbers. But instead ensure we also categorize them based on the above viewpoint of orienting them as Substance, Feild, Function, Environment and Universal aspects of looking at the technical system and hence the inventive principles too. So one best way will be to put the names of these principles in the set with corresponding numbers suffixed in a bracket. Reading them side by side will give the perspect as to how closely they are related to each other.
REFERENCES
“And Suddenly the Inventor Appeared: TRIZ, the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving” by Genrich Altshuller: This book, written by the creator of TRIZ, provides an introduction to the theory and its principles.
“TRIZ for Engineers: Enabling Inventive Problem Solving” by Karen Gadd: Karen Gadd’s book is a practical guide to applying TRIZ principles for engineers and problem solvers.
“Simplified TRIZ: New Problem Solving Applications for Technical and Business Professionals” by Kalevi Rantanen and Ellen Domb: This book offers a simplified approach to TRIZ, making it accessible for technical and business professionals.
“TRIZ: The Right Solution at the Right Time: A Guide to Innovative Problem Solving” by Yuri Salamatov: Yuri Salamatov provides insights into applying TRIZ principles in various problem-solving scenarios.
“40 Principles: TRIZ Keys to Innovation” by Genrich Altshuller: This book delves into the 40 inventive principles of TRIZ, providing examples and applications.
“TRIZics: Teach yourself TRIZ, How to Invent, Innovate and Solve ‘Impossible’ Technical Problems Systematically” by Gordon Cameron: A self-teaching guide that helps individuals learn and apply TRIZ concepts for inventive problem-solving.
“TRIZ Power Tools Job #1: Clarity, Decision Making, and Problem-Solving” by Ellen Domb: Ellen Domb explores how TRIZ tools can enhance clarity, decision-making, and problem-solving in various contexts.
“Business TRIZ: The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving for Business & Management” by Valeri Souchkov: This book adapts TRIZ principles for business and management applications, providing a bridge between engineering and management thinking.
“The Innovator’s Toolkit: 50+ Techniques for Predictable and Sustainable Organic Growth” by David Silverstein, Philip Samuel, and Neil DeCarlo: While not exclusively about TRIZ, this book includes TRIZ and other innovation tools to help businesses foster organic growth.
“TRIZ: Through the Eyes of an American TRIZ Specialist” by Dana W. Clarke Sr.: Dana W. Clarke provides insights into TRIZ and its application in the American context.
